Interjections and direct addresses

Interjections and direct addresses

alā ‘alas! oh!’ (Pers. الا/ هلا ‘ho! beware!’).

AZ 84.

ē/ ay/ āy ‘O!’ (Av. āi interj., Pers. ای آی).

āi aṣāum zaraθuštra : ē ahlav Zardušt. Yt 1.26
guft kū : ay, ped cē abāyišn hed? TM 3
cē āy mardōmān ēn cahār tis, ī-šān ped daxšag vēš abāyed menīdan, kamdar menend: vardišnīgīh ī tis ī gētīg, ud margīh ī tan, ud āmār ī ruvān, ud bīm ī dušox. MX 18.2-3

ēnak ‘lo! behold! look here!; voici’ (cf. ēn ‘this’. Pers. اینک ‘behold! now!’).

ēnak āyed nāvāz nēv ud farrox, kē nāvān xvad vidāred az drayāb. TM 224 I
mardōmān, ēnak xvaš zīved ud raved, ud ped xvēškārīh toxšed! J 4
ēnak-imān ašnūd andar efratā: u-mān vindād ped kišvānzār. Ps 131.6
ēnak ēd rāymast šāh ī rōšnān kē dāšnān nēvān hambaxšed. TM 224 I
u-t-išān ēnak ānāft ēvēn ‘Behold, they have rejected your laws’. Ps 118.126.

ōn ‘O!’ is often used in Parthian verses.

(Parth.) ōn frēštagān ud yamagān, būžed-mān až harv vidang. TM 4a II

ōy/ ōh ‘behold!’ (OPers. avadā ‘there’, Parth. ōδ ‘id.’, Osset. wæd ‘at that time’, Bal. oδ ‘there’).

ōy hudān pedīrā-mān sūdegarīh, ud afsōsīyend turāgarān-t. Ps 122 C

vay/ vāy ‘woe, alas !’, s. ‘woe, misery’ (Av. vayōi, avōi, Paz. vae).

vāy ō mardōm bavād kē-z …! KAP 13.4
vāy nūn … DV (F 8b)

zih/ zīh ‘well done! bravo!’ (Pers. زه , زهازه).

šāhān šāh sē bār guft kū: zih! VC 8

-ā (l’apostrophe solennelle):

vāš hē ud vadxrad, abēsūd draxt-ā ! DA 27 (42)

-ēd:

dēv-ēd ‘O Daēva!’ Dk iii M 252.

Certain words and phrases are used with the force of interjections:

afsōs ‘alas!’;

pargast ‘let it not be!, Heaven forbid!’ < *para-gasta;

cē agar pargast xvāstag bē šaved, ayāb cahārbāy bē mīred, xrad bē māned. HAM 104

vah ‘good; wow’;

xunak ‘happy, blessed; blessed be’; etc.

xunak ōy mard kē-šān purr kunād kwtyly /kantīr/ aziš. ‘Blessed is the man that has his quiver full of [arrows]!’ Ps 126.5.

Interjections and direct addresses

Interjections and direct addresses

Parts of Speech

Word Formation

Phonology