Adverb

1. Adverbs

1.1.

Some words can be used both as adjectives and adverbs.

abd adj. ‘wonderful, marvellous, admirable’, adv. ‘wonderfully, marvellously’ (Av. abda- adj.):
gyāg ī ōn abd cōn vahišt ‘a place as wonderful as Paradise’. Dk vi, M 572.
Māmūn ud Kāḍīg abd pesannīd. ‘Ma'mūn and Qāḍī approved with wonder’. MGA 3.

ham adj. ‘same, equal’, adv. ‘also, alike, likewise’, also prev. (Av. hama- adj., OPers. hama- ‘one and the same’, Osset. I æmæ ‘also’, æm° ‘with’, D æma, æn°, opp. jud):
ud ham vahmān aviš bē pedīrift ‘and likewise so-and-so accepted her’. PK (PZ) 5.

ham-cōn ‘just as, as soon as, the same as’,
pas Vištāsp šāh hamcōn ranzag būd ō Jāmāsp guft kū. J 14

hamgōnag ‘accordingly, in the same manner’,
asvārān hamgōnag kird. KAP 13.8

ham-ēvēnag ‘similarly, likewise, in like manner’
hamēvēnag peymānagīhā bē tābed ud hamāg tan garm dāred. VZ 3021

ped ham šōn ‘id.’
abārīg ī andar maragīhā ped ham šōn. Dk iv, M 409

ham-ēdōn ‘likewise’
dānāg uzmūdag-xrad hamēdōn guft kū … HOD 54

ham-zamān ‘at the same time, suddenly’
ka hamzamān viderān baved. RP 62.11
also ped ham zamān
ēg-it ped ham zamān bē ōzanam. MJF 1

nāmcišt adj. ‘well-known’, adv. ‘in particular, especially’ < *nāma-cišta-.

Again, nāmcištīg adj. ‘especial, known by name’, adv. ‘especially’:
u-š dēnīg nām bavišnravišnīh, u-š nāmcišt cahār zahag ī hend vād ud ātaš ud āb ud gil, bun gētīgān cihr. ‘and its religious (Avesta) name is Being (*būtāt), and it has in particular four elements, that is, the wind and fire and water and earth, the original nature of the beings of the world’. Dk iii, M 121.
ēdum hambidīgīhā kušīdārīh, bē jud jud hān ī ō xvēš vāspuhragān pedīrag hambidīg cōn sard ō garm ud hušk ō xvēd nāmcištīg spuxtārīh. ‘indeed the contraries strive [with each other], but each separately is contrary of its own opposite, for example cold especially repels hot, and dry wet’. Dk iv ; M 422-23.

nēk adj. ‘good, nice, fair, beautiful’, adv. ‘well’ < *nai̯u̯a-ka-:
harv cē ped tō nē nēk tū-z ped anī kas mā kun ‘whatever is not good for yourself, do not do that to others’. HAM 5.
aviš nēk pardaz, ud ped kār dār ‘perform well at it, and keep it in practice’. MX 2.197.

saxt adj. ‘hard, firm, strict’, adv. ‘firmly, rigorously; severely’ (Av. staxta- adj.) :
az pid ī gāvān ud gōspendān xvardan pahrēz saxt kuned, cē-tān ēdar ud ānōh āmār ī saxt abar baved ‘abstain firmly from eating meat from beef and cattle in order that you may not be made to face a strict reckoning here and there’. VAM 13.

As we see, saxt is used once as an adjective, and once as an adverb.
mardōmān ped ēn sē rāh saxt ēstišn, xīr ud xvāstag ud ārzōg ī gētīg rāy mizd ī mēnōg bē nē hilišn ‘on these three paths man should stand firmly, and should not relinquish the spiritual reward for the sake of material wealth, property and desire’. CHP 28.

xūb adj. ‘good’, adv. ‘well’ < *huu̯-apah- (Av. hvapah- adj.):
brahm ī xūb ud cābuk ud nēk ‘good, fine and beautiful clothes’. HKR 7
dast ud rōy … xūb šōyed ‘wash your hands and face well’. XvR 2

zūd adj. ‘quick, soon’, adv. ‘quickly’ < * zūta- (cf. Av. zavah- nt. ‘quickness’):
zūd bāš bē niger ‘be quick (/ hurry up) and look’; KAP 4.4
aburnāyān zūd pēr šavend ‘the youth will become old quickly’. J 16

Some nouns also may have an adverbial function.

nām s. ‘name’ (OPers. nāman- nt.):
ērānvinārdkavādīg rēdak-ē Vāspuhr nām ‘a page from [the district of] Ērānvinārdkavād, Vāspuhr by name’. HKR 1.
(cf. aiva martiya martiya nāma ‘one man, Martiya by name’ DB II 22).

1.2.

The basic rule is that the ending īhā < *-i̯a-θu̯āda (ablative as adverb) can be used as an adverbial ending. It is appended to a substantive or an adjective.

abēbīmīhā ‘securely; fearlessly’ from abēbīm adj. < *apai̯t-bīma-:
abēbīmīhā aviš kuxšed ‘he fearlessly strives for it’. DD 36.66.
carbīhā ‘mildly, gently’ from carb adj. ‘fat, unctuous; smooth, mild’ < *carp-a-.

ērdanīhā ‘humbly, modestly’ from ērdan adj. <*adari-tanū- (rendered by Arab. إلنف ذليلة):
veh āšnāg mardōm ka-tān ō pedīrag āyed, ērdanīhā niyāyišn kuned ud carbīhā namāz bared ‘a familiar good man you meet with, humbly salute him, and gently bow to him’. XvR 2.

dādīhā ‘lawfully, in a legally prescribed fashion; properly, justly’ from dād s. ‘law; justice; canon law’ (OPers. dāta-):
(kē) xvāhišn ī ped zan dādīhā kird ‘(who) has officially requested a wife’. MHD 101.
rasend dādīhā durvandān ō dušox ‘infidel ones go to Hell according to Law’.TM 28 I

farroxīhā adv. ‘happily’ from farrox adj. ‘fortunate, happy, blessed’ < *farrahu̯ā nom. sg. of *farnahu̯ant- (Av. xvarənaŋvhaṇt- adj., Parth. farnaxv):

dahād zūd ped xvadāyīh ī Ērānšahr abrang ped meyān, bavād cōn ped xvadāyīh ī Jim ī šēd ī huramag ī rōzgār farroxīhā ud xvašīhā rāyēnīd ‘may the splendour be provided to Ērānšahr soon and may it be as it was during the reign of Yima Xšaēta with good herds who organized the world in a happy and fortunate manner’. SS 15.
farroxīhā tū, Jōšt ī Fryān, kē Ohrmazd ud amehrspendān abāg tō būd hend. ‘happy are you, O Yōišta Fryāna, with whom have been Ahura Mazdā and the Holy Immortals’. MJF 4.

kāmagīhā ‘willingly, voluntarily’ from kāmag s. ‘will, desire’ <*kāma-ka- :
tan kāmag kū kāmagīhā ped rōz šab bē xvafsed ‘the (natural) desire of the body is sleeping day and night at will’. VZ 30.45.

nāmcištīhā/ nāmcištīgīhā ‘particularly, especially’:
andar kirdag ī dānāgān vizingarīh nišān nāmcištīgīhā dāred ped kustīg ī zarduštagān dāštan. ‘in the practical aspect [of the doctrine] of the wise, the symbol of the discrimination is in particular kept through the keeping of the Zoroastrian girdle’. PDK 54.

tanīhā ‘bodily; alone’ from tan s. ‘body; self; person’ < *tanū- (OPers. tanū- f.):
xvarišn ī nē tanīhā xvardan ‘one should not eat food alone’. HOD 51.
gyān ēvtāg ud tan tanīhā, nasā ped gyāg ī xvēš, sag ud vay ped hamēmālīh nišīyend. ‘the soul [remains] single and the body alone; the corpse lies in its proper place; and dogs and birds sit opposing one another [near it]’. HVF 28.
tanīhā drist ēstāy ud ped ruvān bōxtag bavāy! ‘may you stay sound in body, may you become saved in soul!’. TM 74 I.

vasīhā ‘abundantly, greatly’ from vas adj. ‘much, many, numerous’, adv. ‘in great number, very’ (OPers. vasiy adv. ‘greatly’:
abar ēn dar vasīhā šāyed guftan ‘upon this chapter, it is possible to speak abundantly’. ŠGV 15.90.

xradīhā ‘wisely, prudently’ from xrad ‘wisdom, intellect; admonition’ < *xratu- (OPers. xratu-/ xraθu- m.),

drust-xradīhā ‘with sound mind’,
frārōn dād kirbag <nē> vardēnīdan, jādag ī nē drust nē <pedīriftan>, abārōn dād nē pedīriftan, kār aziš nē kirdan, abēr dānāgīhā drustxradīhā handēšīdan ‘one ought not to change the laws and good works in accordance with the ritual models, nor to accept a share which is not proper, nor to follow the laws which are not according to the models, nor to act upon them, (but) to ponder very wisely and with sound wisdom’. NM 1, 4, 5.

xvēš-xradīhā ‘self-conceitedly’:
nēmmardōm hān baved kē tis ī gētīg ud mēnōg ped sahišn ī xvēš kuned, xvēš-xradīhā ud xvaddōšagīhā, ast kār ud kirbag ī ped kāmag ī Ohrmazd, ud ast ī ped kāmag ī Ahrmen aziš rased ‘a demi-man is the one who performs material and spiritual things according to his sanctioning, self-conceitedly and selfishly, some secular and religious works by the will of Ahura Mazdā, and some [others] by the will of Aŋra Mainyu, proceed from him’. MX 42.10-11

xvēšīhā ‘by oneself’ from xvēš pr., adj. ‘own; relative’ <*hu̯ai̯paθi̯a- :
guft kū ašmā xvēšīhā bē nišīyed ‘[he] said thus: sit down by yourselves’. AVN 1.18.

The comparative and superlative endings are usually appended to the ready adverbs in -īhā.

abēbīmīhādar ‘more fearlessly’:
hān kē tan abēbīmīhādar ud avināhdar ud aranzagīhādar dāned rāyēnīdan ‘that which knows how to direct the person in a manner which has least fear, least sin, and least pain’. AV 60.

farroxīhādar comp. ‘more happily’:
cē farroxīhādar? abēvināhīh ud hufrazāmīh. ‘what is more fortunate? sinlessness and good completion’. AV 211-12.

farroxīhādum superl. ‘most happily’:
ped mardōmān farroxīhādum tis jahišn. ‘the most fortunate thing for men is chance’. HOD 5.

nāmīgīhādum ‘most famously’ from nāmīg ‘famous, renowned’ (nām ‘name; fame’ < *nāman-):
abardum gāh gīred, ud vazurgdum nām xvāhed, nāmīgīhādum kār abrōzišn ī mān ud mēhan kuned ‘(he) reaches the highest status, seeks very great fame, performs the most illustrious deed, namely illuminating the house and home(-stead)’. AV 2.

nāmcištīhādar/ nāmcištīgīhādar ‘more particularly’:
harv rōz, nāmcištīhādar fradāg, pez abārīg hangām ‘every day, and more especially in the morning, and also at other times [of the day]’. Dk iii, M 163.
nāmcištīgīhādar ruvān ī amāh ī ēdar ped hamkirbīh ī vehān (/ yazdān) kird ud rāyēnīd, bē <ō> xvēš pedīrišn. Āf 2

xvēšīhādar ‘more by oneself’ :
rāz ī sālārān xvēšīhādar sazed dāštan ‘it is convenient to keep the secret of the chiefs more to oneself’. Dk vi, M 587.

1.3. The plural ending -ān/ -ānag is also used as an adverbial ending (Pers. -āna).

bāstān/ bāyestān adv. ‘often’ (cf. Av. bāδa adv. ‘often, at times’, bāiδištǝm superl. ‘at all times’, Parth. bāδ, bāδestān, Pers. باستان ):
ped ēn cahār tis bāstān mard āšōbed: pus ud zan ud hašāgird ud ayyār ī vad. ‘a man is often disturbed because of these four things: a bad son; a bad wife; a bad disciple; and a bad companion (friend)’. HOD 34.

ušiyārān adv. ‘wisely’ (ušiyār ‘intelligent; careful’):
rāstīh ī dēn mazdesn bē dānist ušiyārān. ‘the truth of the Mazdayasnian religion has been recognised through intelligence’. Dk iv, M 413.

1.4. Adverb phrases

It is possible to substitute an adverb phrase for an adverb.

burz vāng or buland vāng ‘loud voice’. burzvāngīhā adv. ‘loud-voicedly, aloud’, ped burz (/ buland) vāng ‘with a loud voice’ adverbial phrase. Example:
hān ī durvandān ruvān burzvāngīhā griyed ud burāmed, ud vas xvāyišn lābakkarīhā xvāhed ‘the soul of the wicked weeps and laments aloud, and implores with supplicating a lot’. MX 2.165.
ped pušt ī asp ēdōn cōn ēstād ped buland vāng bē grist. ‘(Ardašēr) being on horse-back, he wept with a loud voice’. KAP 11.4.

Here burzvāngīhā, ‘loud-voicedly, aloud’, is an adverb showing the manner in which durvand weeps. ped buland vāng is a phrase which means the same as burzvāngīhā and does the work of an adverb. Hence it is an adverb phrase.

farroxīh ‘joy, fortune; bliss’

farroxīh veh ayāb dānāgīh? DGO
drūd ud drustīh ud harv farroxīh hamē ped ašmā bavād! P 44 (Or. Var. 45)
farroxīhā adv. ‘in a fortunate state, with the luck; with the beatitude’,
yazdān ašmā dagrzīvišn ud drust ud farroxīhā abēbīm ud pērōzgar ud ravāgframān dārānd! ‘may the Yazata maintain you long-lived, sound, fortunately fearless, successful and sovereign’. ĒNN 39.

ped farroxīh adverb phrase ‘id.’:
ped farroxīh ud pērōzgarīh ‘in happiness and successfulness’. K7 col., fol. 107v.

xrad gugāyīh ‘testimony of wisdom’,

xradgugāyīhā adv. ‘through testimony of wisdom’,
u-š ped ōzumand uzvān, xradgugāyīhā, dastabarnihādīhā, ud vimandsoxanīhā, ud vas gumānvizārīhā, ud amehrspendān vēnābdāg gugāyīhdādārīhā, dēn ō Kay Vištāsp ud frazānagān cāšt. ‘he taught the religion to Kavi Vīštāspa and the wise, with a powerful tongue, through testimony of wisdom, convincingly, eloquently, through resolving many doubts, and through giving visible testimony of the Aməṣa Spəṇta’. ŠGV 65.

ped gugāyīh ī xrad adverb phrase ‘id.’:
man dēn nē hān ī ped abarmānd dōšīd, bē hān xvāst ī ped xrad gugāyīh ōstīgāndar ud pedīrišnīgdar. ‘I did not like [to follow] a religion by inheritance, but I sought that which is more reliable and acceptable before the testimony of wisdom’. ŠGV 10.45-46.

Some adverb phrases are formed by the periphrastic structure ped X.

ped kām(ag) ‘at will, voluntarily, wishfully’ (kām-ag s. ‘will, desire’):
ē varzed hunsandīhā [ped kāmag ī ziyānag] mā ahunsandīhā ‘let her perform [it] contentedly [according to the wish of the young woman] and not discontentedly’. H 6.4.
ped yazdān kām bavād! ‘may it be according to the will of the Yazata!, Deo volonte!’

ped nāmcišt ‘in particular, especially’, nāmcišt adv. ‘id.’:
gyāg-ē ped nāmcišt pēdāg būd ‘a place became especially noted’. VZ 20.1.

An adverb phrase can be formed by the repetition of one and the same word. See “The numerals” (distributives).

and ‘as much, many’ < *au̯ant-am (cf. Av. avaṇt- adj., Parth. avend),
and and ‘little by little’, also andak andak ‘id.’:
and and ped zanišn ī vād ī garm hān gennagīh ud sōrīh ānāfted. ‘that stench and saltiness are little by little removed by the beating of the hot wind’. Bd 84.

būm s. ‘land, country; divisions of the earth’ (OPers. būmī- f.),
būm būm ‘in various lands/ countries’

šahr s. ‘kingdom; land; world; district’ (Av. xšaθra-):
šahr šahr ‘in various kingdoms/ lands/ countries ’
būm kōf hān ī hamāg gyāg ped būm būm ud šahr šahr, u-š varz ud ābādānīh pediš kunend. ‘table mountains are those which are everywhere in various lands and various countries, whereon they perform cultivation and make habitable (for men)’. Bd 79.
šahr šahr, deh deh, ud rōstāg rōstāg ēk abāg did kuxšišn ud kārezār kunend, ud az didīgar tis ped appar stānend. J 16

gyāg s. ‘place, spot, room; passage’ < * āka(h)- (Parth. vyāg),

gyāg gyāg ‘from place to place, in different places; place by passage’:
pas andar hān zaman mardōm ud gōspend az Var ī Jimgird ānayend ud gyāg gyāg mānend. ‘so at that time man and cattle will be brought out from the Vara built by Yima, and they will stay in different places’. RP 48.17.
gyāg gyāg zand niyūšīd ēsted. ‘(I) have learned the Commentary passage by passage’. HKR 9.
virāyišn gyāg gyāg ped dastnibēg-išān pediš kird ud nibišt ēsted. Dk M 946

jār s. ‘time, occasion’ < *i̯āu̯ar,

jār jār ‘from time to time, occasionaly’ (Parth. yāvar yāvar):
ud jār jār az zamīg ud āb ud ādur ud draxt ud urvar ud dad ud dām hēb parzīred. ‘and from time to time he should stay away from earth, water, fire, trees, plants and animals’. TM 49 I.
ud jār jār tan ī xvēš ped dandān grift ud gōšt hamē jūd. AVN 81

jud adj. ‘different, separate’ < *i̯u-tá-,

jud jud ‘each separately, individually’ (Parth. yud yud):
ēdum hambidīgīhā kušīdārīh, bē jud jud hān ī ō xvēš vāspuhragān pedīrag hambidīg cōn sard ō garm ud hušk ō xvēd nāmcištīg spuxtārīh ‘indeed the contraries strive [with each other], but each separately is contrary of its own opposite, for example cold especially repels hot, and dry wet’. Dk iv, M422-23.

kas pron. ‘somebody’ (OPers. kašciy, Parth. kež),

kas kas ‘each person’ (kas-iz kas nē ‘no one, nobody’):
kas kas ped xvēš nām ‘each one individually by his proper name’. TM 801a.

nōg adj. ‘new, novel, recent’ < *nau̯a-ka- (Osset. næwæg),

nōg nōg ‘ever afresh, again and again’ (Parth. navāg navāg):
āfrīd bēh yazd rōšn zōr ud vehīh, kū xvad abzāyānd nōg nōg drūd ud rāmišn ō hamāg dēn yōždahr, ud amāh harvispān ped farroxīh ud dristīh. ‘Blessed be Yazata, Light, Force and Goodness (/ Wisdom) that they may indeed increase again and again well-being and ease for the whole holy religion (/ church), and for the fortune and health of all of us!’. TM 36.
vārān az dādār. cim niyāzumandīh ī gēhān nōg nōg ō rasišn ī huškīh gēhān ped xvēdīh bēšāzēnīdār ud vaxšēnīdār. Dk iii, M 108

tis ‘thing’, indefinite pronoun ‘some (thing)’ (OPers. cišciy, Parth. ciš, Paz. θis),

tis tis ‘anything separately, of various things’:
rang ī gōnag gōnag ud bōy ud mizag ud xvašīh ī tis tis ‘the colour of various kinds, and scent, and taste, and sweetness of various things’. MX 57.12.

zūd adj. ‘quick, soon’ < *zūta-,

zūd zūd ‘very quickly, frequently’:
dast zūd zūd ō mār mā nih! ‘do not be overhasty to touch a snake!’. HAM 113.
zūd zūd sōgand mā xvared ud ō anīz kas sōgand mā dayed! TM 733

ud cē is an adverb phrase that means ‘and other things, or ‘and so forth’, ‘et cetera’.
ud abar hangām ī stadan ī bēšāzēnīdār urvar ud cē andar ham dar. Dk viii, M 683

1.5. Adverbs of time, place, direction

Apart from Adverb phrases that indicate time or place, there are a number of words that express a point in time or in space.

ahī or ah adverb of time used to talk about the past and also the future ‘early, soon; originally’ < *haθi̯a-h- (Parth. has < *hasi̯ah-, Paz. haē),
tuhīg hend avēšān kē /ahī/ bavend āxistan, ud dagr kunend nišastan kē xvarend nān ped visannagīh. ‘vain are those who rise up early, and sit down late, who eat the bread in tear’. Ps 126.2.
ahī az abārīg xvarišn framāyē xvārdan. ‘please drink it before the other dishes’. KAP 10.5.

az ahī ōrōn ‘from the first, since the beginning’:
az ahī ōrōn ped yazdān ud xvadāyān ud xvēš ruvān rāy vas ranz ud āvām dīd. ‘since the beginning did I suffer and toil for the sake of the Yazata, sovereigns, and my own soul’. KNRm 34/ KKZ 11.

cand ahī ‘as early as possible’:
pas ēdōn veh kū ēn sē vināh cand ahī az gēhān bē barīhed. ‘then it would be preferable if these three sins be taken out of the world as soon as possible’. Dk vi, M 533.
hamāgzōr ādur farrōbay ud ādur gušnasp ud ādur burzēnmihr, ud abārīg ādurān ud ātašān ī ped dādgāh nišāst ēstend, cand ahīdar hamēšagsōz ud hamēšagpih ud hamēšagzōhr bavānd. SS 6

ālag/ ārag s. ‘side, bank’, postp. < *arda-ka- (Av. arǝδa-):

andarg-ālag ‘inside’
andarg ālag ī zrē. Vd 5.19
ō bēh ārag ‘outside’ (Parth. ≈ bērōn). Š H.

ānōh/ ānōy adverb of place ‘there, over there, yonder; thither’ from ān ‘that’ (< *hāunā-) and ōh/ ōy (< *au̯adā, OPers. avadā, Av. avaδa ‘there’, Parth. ōδ, Paz. ąnō),

az ānōh ‘from there, from places where’ (cf. Av. avaδāt̰):
az ānōh kū rōšnīh, tārīgīh virēzed ō gyāgīhā ī rōšnīh ānōh nēst ‘darkness flees from there where is light to those places where there is not light’. Bd 195.
gahī-š xvadāvan āfrīn ī vas kird, ud pas ... az ānōh ba šud ‘then the lord greatly blessed her, and afterwards he went away from there’. TM 45.

azabar ‘above, upon’ < *hacā uparāt
cōn man azabar nimūd. ŠGV 16.89

azēr ‘down, below’ < *hacā adarāt,
hān ī-š azēr nibišt. NM 1, 4, 9

azēr azabar ‘upside down’
azēr azabar bē bavam, ud ēn mardōm azabar azēr bē kunam. J 16

bē/ ba ‘out, away; outside’ < *bai̯t (Parth. bēh, Sogd. bēk),
Ahrmen az gēhān ēdōn bē šāyed kirdan. Dk vi, M 530

az bē ‘from outside, outwardly’
Spitōg ud Arzrāsp ud abārīg ī az bē Xvanirah ped dēn-pursišnīh ō Frašōštar āmad hend. Dk iv, M 411-412

az bar bē ‘without fruit’,
zamīg az bar bē šaved. J 16

bē az/ (ba az) ‘outside of, apart from’,
bē az sē gām rīman nē kuned. ŠnŠ 3.20
nē-z eškōhān ī ba az dānišn ī yazdān. TM 174 II

ō bē ‘outwards’,
bērōn: ō bēh ārag. Š H

bē-z zamān ‘also outside time’,
kunišn hamāg andar zamān ayāb bē-z zamān.

bērōn ‘outside’,
u-mān xvad zāmēnānd az andarōn ud bērōn. TM 4b II

bēdandar ‘outside’ (opp. niyandar ‘inside’).
bēdandar az hān panz dušox ō ērag pādgōs rōn. TM 7981 I

ēdar ‘here’ < *ai̯tar- (Parth. ēd, ēdar),
ēdar zīndagīh andak, ānōh rāh dūr. HHK 7

az ēdar ‘from here; hence(forward)’,
az ēdar nibištom hambasānīh ī-šān drāyišn. ŠGV 11.1

dā ēdar ‘as far as here’,
dā ēdar abar ēn dar bavandag sahist. ŠGV 12.82

ēdar ud ānōh ‘here and yonder’.
grān bīm ud puhl ī ēdar ud ānōh. Dk iv, M 429

ēr ‘down’ < *adari (Av. aδairi),
ped šab az kōf ēr kaft ud murd. TM 2 I

ēr ud abar ‘up and down, upside down’,
ka-z-am vāy dād kē cašmdīd ped vād nērōg ēr ud abar cōn kāmag vazed ud ped dast frāz nē tuvān griftan. Bd 222

frōd adv. ‘down, downwards’ < *fráu̯at-ah (OPer. fravata), opp. ul.
frōd ō kumīg šaved. VZ 30.2
frōd ō zamīg āmad hend. ‘they came down to the earth’. TM 7981 I.

hagriz/ hagurz/ hagirz ‘ever’ < *hakṛt-cid (cf. OPers. hakaram-ciy, Av. hakǝrǝt̰ ‘once’, Parth. agriž),
u-t hagirz drōv guft ayāb nē? J 13

with nē or mā ‘never’

nē hagirz vizannīyend virāstagān kē-šān abar xvadāy ast vistāxīh. Ps 124.1 C
u-šān āzegarī hagriz pediš nē būd. TM 97
hagurz juttar nē baved. Bd 113
agar āgāh būd, ā-š mā hagirz (hargižica) tō az hān draxt ī-m framūd kū mā xvared xvard pursišn kirdan cim? ŠGV 13.139

hamē/ hamēv ‘always’ (it could also be used as a preverbal particle of duration to give a continuous sense), from *ham(a)- and *ai̯u̯a-. cf. Lat. aevus m., aevum nt.
ērān hamē peymān stāyed. Dk iv, M 429
āgenīn hamēv hāmox ud hāmzōr bavānd. TM 7980 I

hamē ka ‘as soon as; whenever’
hamē ka bun ī dēn ped dānišn ī ōstīgān vīrāst … PDK 16

hamē dā ka ‘as long as’
hamē dā ka pādixšā būd huramag Jim ī šēd. Y 9.5

dā ō hamē hamēravišnīh ‘for ever and ever, in secula seculorum’ (rendering Av. yavaēca yavaētataēca)
Yt 13.50,
Vd 3.14.
hamē-ravišnīhā
dā (ō) hamē hamē-ravišnīh ped harvisp-xvārīh ēsted abāg mēnōgān yazdān hamēravišnīhā. MX 2.157

hamēvīgīhā ‘perpetually’hān do bunēštag
hamēvīgīhā-ēstišn hamvimandīhā ōn būd cōn abdāb ud sāyag. ŠGV 16.51

hamēšag ‘always’
ka driyušān rāy tuvān pesazagīhā hamēšag nān ud āb ped dahriz dahed dāred. Dk iii, M 367-68

also mēšag ‘id.’ (cf. Av. mišti, Armen. mišt),
mēšag farrah āyād az bayān, hamēv farroxīh. TM 729 II

hamēšagīhā ‘at all times, forever’zadārkāmagīh ī-š
hamēšagīhā ped gōhr būdan rāy ō judgōhr-š zadār. ŠGV 2.5

hamēšag … nē ‘never’
u-š hamēšag rōšnīh nē dīd ēstād. ŠGV 13.59

hamvār ‘at all times, ever’ < *hama-u̯āram (also, hamjār from *i̯āu̯ar-)
hamvār andar xvānišn ud nigerišn dāštan. Dk M 946

hamvār … nē ‘never’
bē hamvār abāg may ī āsūrīg ud bādag ī vāzrangīg ēc may pehikār nēst. HKR 58

hamvārīhā ‘constantly’
ud abāg-iz hamvārīhā kušīdan ī-šān nūn-z ēk ō did cand pettūgīh ud a-vardišnīg ēstād nē šāyistan. Dk iv, M 423

hamvārag/ hamārag ‘id.’
ka-šān nē hamārag (hamvār) abar rased. MX 38.5

nūn adverb of time, conj. ‘now, at present’ < *nūnam (Av. nū, nūrǝm, OPers. nūram, Osset. I nyr, D nur, Bal. nūn, Paz. nuṇ, nū),

nūn-z ‘even now, just now; already’
huxēm ud drust ud kārāgāh mard agar nūn-z škōh hād, pas-iz ped dāmādīh gīr! ēgiš xvāstag az yazdān rased. HAM 55
zādān [hān ī nūn-z ast] ud azādān. Y 65.6

az nūn ‘henceforth’
az nūn ud dā jāyēdān. Ps 124.2

az nūn frāz/ az nūn parrōn ‘from now onwards, henceforth’,
hān-z ī az nūn frāz ō dārišn ud xvēšīh rased. PK 7
az nūn parrōn xvēš grīv dēndār mā xvān, ba dēnāvar ī rāst, kē-t hāvend nē ast. TM 2 I

dā (ō) nūn ‘till now, hitherto’
kār ud kirbag ī man dā nūn kird, hān-z ī az nūn bē kunem. Petit 12.3
kē dā ō nūn nē dānist-um kū, ka abar pus ī nasāhēn griyem, ēg ēn ī gyānēn ōzanem. TM 45

pas adv. ‘after, behind’, temporal ‘then, afterwards, next’ < *pascā (Av. pasca, OPers. pasā prep. ‘after’, adv. ‘after that’, Parth. paš)
pas frēstag pēdāg būd. … pas man pursīd : cē-nām hē? TM 2 I

pasī(h) ‘behind; rear’
az pasīh ī Pešōtan. Dk ix, M 805

az pas ‘after’
vād, ud az pas vād, rōšn, ud az pas rōšn, āb. TM 7980 I
ēk az pas ī ōy ī did. Bd 85

az pas ī X šav-/ šudan ‘to go after X, follow X’
az pas ī Ohrmazd xvadāy šaved. Dk vi, M 489

pas az ‘after, then from’
az drōn, pas az frasast. RP 58.62

pas az hān ī ka ‘after’
pas az hān ī ka mēnōg dastvarān ō Ērānšahr āyend. J 19

pas pas ‘subsequent’
tisān ī andar zamānagīhā ī pas pas mad ud rased. Dk v, M 437

pēš ‘before, in the presence of, in front of’
abāz āmad pēš frēstag. TM 2 I
pēš … nūn … frāzdar. Dk iii, M 166

pēšī/ pēšīh ‘before, in front’ (OPers. paišiyā),
ēg dar ī hāmāg Hvarāsān pēšī tū višīhed. TM 2 I
šahriyārān pēšīh-ut nizāyānd. TM 543
namāz bared ō xvadāy andar srāvard ī pākīh vizannād[-iš] pēšī hamag zamīg. Ps 96.9 1

az pēš ‘beforehand, in front of’ < *hacā paišii̯ā,
az pēš ī Ohrmazd bē mad hum. HHK 12
ud nihuft az pēš man. ‘And he skulked out of me’. TM 2 I

pēš az ‘before’
abar az hān ī pēš az nēkīh ī Zardušt vēnīhist ud cōnīh ped nimūdārīh az Ohrmazd ō gēhānīgān nimūd. VZ 25

pēš kū conj. ‘before’
pēš kū Zardušt bē uzīd. Bd 220

pēš az hān ī ka ‘id.’
pēš az hān ī ka Astvihād abar rased ud vāy ī vattar abar ō kirb nišīyed. HDM 3

pēš (ud) pas ‘front and back, before or after, to and from; more or less’
šnūman pēš pas nē šāyed. RP 58.66
ka han [panzāh sālag] ud zarmān [šast sālag. pēš ud pas]. Vd 3.19

pēš ped rōz-ē ‘one day before’
pēš ped rōz-ē kuštan, rūdan, ped pāy-ē āgustan. HKR 26

rōn s. ‘side, direction’, postp. ‘towards’ < *-rau̯an-a-:
bēdandar az hān panz dušox ō ērag pādgōs rōn. TM 7981 I

andarōn ‘inside, within; inwardly’,

az andarōn ‘from within’
ātaš az bērōn, āb az andarōn. VZ 29.5

ped andarōn ‘within’
ēg ped asmān andarōn ul ēstād. TM 473c

bērōn adv. ‘outside, outwards, outwardly’
ēg bērōn pēdāg būd hē. Š H
ō gōbišn ī bērōn ham nibēg niyāz nē būd. Dk iv, M 428

az bērōn ‘outside, from without’
baved pāsebān az andarōn ud bērōn, hayyār ud pādār. TM 4b II
anī ēvēnag ī az ēn bērōn. ŠGV 5.36

bērōn az ‘besides, in addition to; out of’
bē-cihrīg ud bērōn az cihr. VZ 34.36
ā-š bērōn aziš cē būd? ŠGV 13.65

(bē) ō bērōn ‘outwards’
bē ō bērōn spōzed. VZ 29.6
bē ō bērōn tazed. VZ 30.21
spāh ī kirm kē ped diz būd hāmōyēn ō bērōn mad. KAP 7.13

ōrōn ‘hither’,

az … ōrōn (ō) adverb phrase of time and place ‘from … hither (to); from … until now’
ud nūn zan-ē pēdāg az xvarāsān ōrōn āyed. KSM 35
šāhān šāh ped kirbagīh az arman ōrōn ō ērānšahr ēv vihēzed. N P 18
az bundahišn ōrōn. Dk iv, M 410

ōrōndar ‘hither more, further on’
kē cīdag ōrōndar cīd. Š H
ō ērag pādgōs rōn, az ānōh ōrōndar abar tam dušox, az xvarāsān dā ō xvarnivār pādgōs. TM 7981 I

parrōn ‘beyond, yonder; from’
u-š parrōn murnzēnīd ud ōrōn-z. Y 53.7

az nūn parrōn ‘from now on, henceforward’
az nūn parrōn xvēš grīv dēndār mā xvān. TM 2 I

parrōn az ‘beyond’
parrōn az zamīg ud asmān hāmkišvar. TM 7981 I

abāzrōn ‘backwards’
nē abāzrōn vidurd būd ud nē frāz ō … N P 45

ulrōn ‘upwards, above’
az hān yak bahr ī ōy xāyag ī ulrōn ī gugāft ud baxšīhist. TM 8101

1.6. Adverbs of quantity

abēr ‘very, to a high degree, greatly, exceedingly’ <*upari̯a- (Paz. aβīr. opp. nihang)
cē man xrad nihang, ud may abēr xvārd ēsted. SS 20
gyāg ka abēr pāk. RP 58.8
abēr xūb. Dk vi, M 509
abēr cimīg. PDK 70

andak ‘little’ < *au̯antakaka- (cf. and. opp. vas)
ud andak mānd ēsted. Dk v, M 454

andak-ē ‘a little’
ka andak-ē šud. VZ 12.10

andak andak ‘little by little’
andak andak hamē raft. ‘(it) was moving little by little’. KAP 8.7.

andum ‘as long, so long’ < *au̯ant-ama- (rendered by Parth. āvaδīn, Gr. εν τοσω ŠKZ 27.),
ēd rāy ce niyūšāgān az ardāvān kamb hend, hān-šān az ēd kird andum ped vardišn abērāz baved. TM 8251 II

andum … dā ‘as long as, until’
andum dā-š sārārān pākān andar būd hend. TM 5794 I

ēvāz ‘only (one), merely, solely; singly’ (from *ai̯u̯a- and *cit)
cē kē-š ranz ēvāz and baved cand bē bāš ped guftan, hān šaš rōz dagrandīh būd vas dušmānāg, u-š ranz aziš nē sazed būdan ‘For, if his labour were only as much as to say “Thou shalt become!”, then that length of six days was very unlikely, and [so much] toil could not have come to him therefrom. ŠGV 13.96.

nē ēvāz ‘not only’
cōn man azabar nibišt kū nē ēvāz astīh dānistan, bē cōnīh u-š kām abāyed šnāxtan. ŠGV 10.37

vas adj. ‘many, much’, adv. ‘very; enough’ (OPers. vasiy)
tū arzān hē-ā estāyišn ud āfrīn vas. TM 315 I
andar rāh zan-ē dīd ī vas nēkōg. HKR 114

az vas ‘by dint of, so much’
āb ud ātaš mardōm bē āzārend az vas must ud adādīh ī-šān pediš kunend. J 16

anīz vas ‘also much else’
anī-z vas ī andar ham dar. Dk viii, M 732

vasīhā ‘abundantly, greatly’
ped pēdāgīh ī az dēn abar harv ahlemōgīh cahār pēšag āgāhīh ud uskārišn ī gugānīg vasīhā bē abzūd. Dk iv, M 413

vas vas ‘by a great many times’
ka ō hamxvarišnīh rasend vas vas bē abzāyed cōn hān ī pēš. Dk vi, M 526

vēš comp. of vas ‘more’ (opp. kem/kam)
vēš … rāst … kem. Bd 91
agar<-t> xvāstag baved, naxvist āb ud raz ud zamīg vēš xrīn! HAM 43

1.7. Adverbs of manner

ēdōn ‘in such a way, so’ < *ai̯ta-gau̯nam (Paz. ə̄ dun/m, Arab.),
ka-m ēn mahrnāmag ēdōn dīd. TM 1
ēdōn baved ka ‘it will so happen that’. Bd 220.
ēdōn gōbend kū … ‘they say thus that’. VC 1.
ēdōn gōbend kū ēvbār ahlav Zardušt dēn ī pedīrift … AVN 1.1
ēdōn bād/ bavād ‘may it be so’.
ēn āfrīn ped ašmāh ēdōn bād cōn māh ud xvaršēd ud āb ud ādur ud may ud murd ud mušk ud jāsmin ud gul ud marzangōš! ‘May these benedictions be unto you as the moon, and the sun, and water, and fire, and wine, and myrtle, and musk, and jasmine, and rose, and marjoram’. ĀfV.
anōšagruvān bād Husrav ī šāhān šāh ī Kavādān, ud hān rēdak ī xvašārzōg. ēdōn bād! ‘May the king of kings Husrav son of Kavād be immortal, and that ambitious page too, be it so!’ HKR 125
jadag ī nēk bavād! hān ī veh ped tan ruvān ud xvāstag! ēdōn bavād! ‘May it be good fortune! May (you) be good in body and soul and wealth! May it be so!’ AV 0

ēdōn-z ‘similarly, thus too’
ēdōn-z kenīkkirb ped cihr ī kenīgān. VZ 30.61

ped ēdōn ‘likewise’
cōn ka pus ped nēdānišnīh tāštīg, pid ped ēdōn. ŠGV 15.62

hamēdōn ‘in this same way, likewise’
dānāg uzmūdag-xrad hamēdōn guft kū. HOD 54
vizīdār ī cim dast-abar-nihād ī hamēdōn-š vurravišn meyānjīgīhā ped rāh ī xrad. CHP 2

ēnōn ‘in this way’.
u-mān nē framād kū ēnōn ... TM 470

enyā/ anyā/ anāy adverb of manner, also conjunctive. It is correctly rendered by Skt. anyáthā ‘otherwise, in a different manner; inaccurately’ (Paz. ainā). It is often used to refer to the negative of something:
enyā frāz ō cinvad puhl vidārdan nē tuvān ‘otherwise he cannot pass across the Cinvatō pərətu (the bridge of the accountant)’. HHK 7.

ēvēnag s. ‘mode, variety, state’ < *abi-dai̯ana-ka-

ped ēn ēvēnag ‘in this manner, of this kind’
andar rōzgār-ē ī ped ēn ēvēnag. SS 1

ham-ēvēnag ‘in the same manner, as well’
ham ēvēnag az vēnišn ud gīrišn ō avēnišnīgīh agīrišnīgīh ī xvad mēnōg būdan abēgumān. ŠGV 8.34

ped ēc ēvēnag … nē/ mā ‘in no way’
ped ēc ēvēnag mihrōdruzīh mā kun. HAM 115
abāz nē hištan ped ēc ēvēnag. Dk viii, M 736

ped harv ēvēnag ‘by whatever way, anyway’
ped harv ēvēnag ī uskāram, abēuš ud adān ud halaggōbišn. ŠGV 13.149

hangōn (hamgōn-ag) ‘equally, in the same way, likewise’ (Sogd. <ʾnγwn> /ǝnγōn/ ‘similar’, adv. ‘likewise’) < *sam-gau̯na-.
ud hangōn-z az duškirdagānīh ud āzegarī tirsend ud parzārend. TM 8251 II

ōh ‘thus, so, in that way’ (OPers. avaθā)
u-š ped sar saxvan ō xvadāvan ōh guft kū: mā drist avar! TM 3

ōh-bēh ‘so be it! Amen’dā ō ǰ
āyēdān, āmen āmen, ōh-bēh. TM 729 I

ōh-iz ‘likewise’ōh-iz ahunver, ī dēn ušmurišn bun, sē gāh. Dk viii, M 677

ōh is also used as a verbal particle.
ud ōy xvad dā ō frašegird zamān ped bann ōh dārād ‘and may he be thus under fetters until the time of Renovation’. TM 1001/ TM 554.

šōn s. ‘way of acting’ < *śau̯ana-,

ped/az ēn/im šōn ‘in this manner’
ud abārīg ī az ēn šōn. ŠnŠ 6.7
ud abārīg vas ī ped ēn šōn. ŠGV 3.37

ped ham šōn ‘in the same manner’
abārīg ī andar maragīhā ped ham (/im) šōn. Dk iv, M 409

1.8. Adverbs of affirmation and negation

ōhāy ‘yes, yea’ (therein is certainly concealed au̯aθa ‘in that way’, cf. Av. avaθāt̰)
ba ōhāy, ēn bišehkīh rāy ud ēn darmān burdan rāy abāyišn hēd ud ēn-z nē kunēd. TM 3

nē ‘no; not’ (OPers. naiy, Av. nōit̰)
nē ēc tis ped hān ēvēnag. MGA 4.3

nē-z (Paz. nə̄ ica),

nē … nē ‘neither … nor’
nē ped kārezārīh ud ayārvandīh spurrīg baved ud nē ped pahrēzīh ud ruvāndōstīh. Dk iii, M 75
ka nē ō kārezār šaved, ud nē nahčihr kuned. TM 3

nē … bē ‘not … but’
nē-z nifrīn ud vay abar-šān kirdan, bē-šān ped hān kunišn pādāšnumand sazed būdan. ŠGV 15.45

mā/ ma prohibitive ‘let not’ (OPers.-Av. mā)
mā … ēn ī man kirb frāz xvared. VZ 30.32
sust mā baved az ranz ī xvadāvan burdan. TM 454

mā agar ‘hopefully not, unless; perhaps’ (Pers. مگر)
mā agar az ēn vattar šāyed būdan. DH
mā agar vattar nē hād. RP 58.72

ēvar adj. ‘certain, assured’, adv. ‘verily, certainly, for sure’ < *adi-u̯ar-ah- (Paz. ə̄ βar, Pers. varumand).
ēn ēvar kū. ŠGV 13.79

1.9. Interrogative adverbs

cand? ‘how much, how many?’ < *čī(u̯)ant (Parth. cvand/ cvend). See “The Pronoun”.
vahišt cōn ud cand? MX 7.2

cē? ‘what?’ < *čahi̯acē xanned? HDM

az cē? ‘out of what? for what?’
agar-š nē šāyist kū nē dād hē, ā-š visptuvānīh az cē? ŠGV 11.11

cē rāy? ‘for what? why?’
cē rāy avēšān gēhān dādār kē avēšān murnzēnīdār? Dk iii, M 252-53

cim? ‘why?’ (Av. cim ‘why?’)
hān ēk ped pākīh dāštan ud abārīg rīman būdan cim? ŠGV 15.24

not to be confounded with cim s. ‘reason, purpose, motive’ cognate with Av. cinman- nt. ‘desire; purpose’,

cim rāy? ‘for what reason? why?’,
im cim rāy ‘for this reason’].

cōn?/ cigōn? ‘how?’ < *čii̯at-gau̯nam (cf. OPers. ciyā- karam ‘of what sort’).
Ohrmazd ēn dām ud dahišn cōn ud ped cē ēvēnag dād? MX 8.2

kay? ‘when?’ < *kadā (Av. kaδa/ G kadā, Parth. kaδ, Osset. kæd).
kay bavād kū pēg-ē āyed az Hindūgān? MŠV

kū? ‘where?’ (Av. G kū ‘where’, kudā ‘whither?’, kudō ‘where, somewhere’, kuθrā ‘where?’, cf. Skt. kúha ‘where’, kudha°),
kū hē? ŠGV 13.29

az kū? ‘from where, whence?’ (Av. kudat̰ ‘from where’)
cē-kārag hē? az kū āmad hē? TM 2 I
az kū mad hum, ud abāz ō kū šavum? CHP 1

1.10. The adverb avar/ ōr

The adverb avar/ ōr is used in welcome and not welcome expressions (Av. avarə̄ adv. ‘downwards’, nå avarə̄ ‘come hither to us’):
drust avar tū Virāz! ‘come in health, O Virāz!’ AVN 3.13.
drust ōr ē Sām ī Nerīmān! ‘welcome [to my enclosure], O Sāma Naire.manah!’ J 19.
mā drist avar! ‘you are not welcome!’. TM 3, Vīr. 1.

veh avar ‘kindly come here, welcome!’,
drust ud veh ud ped drūd avar-ed, bē framāyed nišastan! ‘welcome (lit. sound and kind and in health come hither), please sit down!’. KAP 13.4.
bašnbedān-z vāng abganend: avared ō kadag ī yazdān! ‘the idol-priests raise their voice: come hither to the house of the gods!’ TM 219.

1.11. The enclitic adverb

There is an enclitic adverb -z ‘also, even, too’ (OPers. - ca ‘and’, -ciy ‘too, just’, Parth. -iž). It takes the linking vowel i (rarely u after s) when attached to a word ending in a consonant (except n, and occasionally r) and a long vowel:
xūb-iz ud nēk-iz. Ps 132.1.
ēn-z kū ‘this too’. ŠGV 6.7.

hān-z ‘that too’,
kār ud kirbag ī man dā nūn kird, hān-z ī az nūn bē kunem. Petit 12.3
hān-z ī nidum az avēšān starān ‘and the smallest ones of those stars’. F 4.1
ōy bay Ardaxšēr šāhān šāh ī Pābagān ped rāst-dastvarīh ī Tōsar hān-z hamōg ī pargandag hamāg ō dar xvāst. Dk iv, M 412

agar-z ‘if also’,
agar-z hān kē sag andar aspestān frāz rased … Vd 15.26
agar ped zamān, agar-z ped peyvann. ŠGV 15.54

az-iz ‘also from, from (this/ that) also’
az-iz ham peyvann ī avēšān pēšēnīgān ī vidardag pēdāg kū ‘so also from the same lineage of the ancients who are passed away, it is manifest that …’. MX 27.12.
az-iz ēd pēdāg kū ‘from this also it is manifest that’. Bd 174.
… u-š az bayān ud az-iz yazdān kas ō frayād nē rased … MX 2.165-166

ka-z ‘even if, although’
ka-z hambidīgān vasnām ud vassardag hend … ŠGV 8.96
ka-z … ka ‘whether … or’. Dk iv, M 431
ka-z-it. MX 2.174
ka-z-iš. Dk viii, M 712

tis-iz ‘anything’
man ped ašmāh tis-iz nē vinast ‘I have done you no harm’. TM 3.

kas-iz (/kas-uz) ‘even somebody’
razmyōzān kas-uz ... TS 9

The enclitic -iz should not be confounded with the enclitic particle -ib < *bā (Av. bă/ G bā) that indicates emphatic agreement:

hān-ib (Av. hō bā, hāu bā, Parth. hō-b),
ōy: hō-b. Š H
menišn-ib veh ‘good mind indeed’
manō bā vohu: menišn-ib veh. P 26

Sometimes, Av. bă is simply transcribed:

ēdōn ba ‘thus truly’ (Av. avaδā bā)
āat̰ mraot̰ ahurō mazdå avaδa bā aṣāum zaraθuštra asne kamǝrǝδāt̰ haṇdvaraiti: u-š guft Ohrmazd kū: ēdōn ba ahlav Zardušt ped nazdīkīh ī kamāl ō hamdvāred. Hn 2.20

1.12.

The list of adverbs is long:

(ah/ ā ‘then’,

ahanūn-z/ ahanūz ‘still, yet’,

āgenīn ‘together, in all, altogether, jointly’,

ēg ‘then’,

frahīd ‘many, much; very’,

gahī ‘then’ an adverb often used to situate actions in time, ‘at that time’,

hamis ‘together, in all’,

jumā ‘together with’,

xvazārak ‘a little, slightly’, etc.).

… ….

See the Compendious Dictionary.