Adpositions

<Extracted from the Part I, section 6.2, Adpositions of the book Pārsīg Language (The so-called Pahlavi): Parts of Speech, Word Formation, and Phonology, Sade publication, 2017, written by Raham Asha>

abāg prep., postp. ‘with, along with’, also adv. ‘together’ < *upāka-i̯:
tīr abāg kirbakkarān kirbakkar ‘Mercury is beneficient [when] along with the beneficient’. Bd 58.
āsn xrad kē gōšōsrūd xrad abāg nēst ēdōn-z cōn māyag kē gušn abāg nēst. ‘innate wisdom which is not along with acquired wisdom is like a female (animal) which is not along with a male’. Dk vi, M 530.
ō Abaršahr frestād abāg Ardavān vispuhr ud brādarān dibīrān, nibēgānnigār abāg. ‘he sent (him) to Abaršahr with Ardavān the prince and brethren (the Elect) who were scribes –among (lit. ‘with) them there was a miniature painter’. TM 2 I.

abar ‘over and above, upon’, also adv., prev. < *upari (OPers. upariy, Av. upairi, Sogd. par, Pers. :
meyān abar hān cagād ī Dāitī ēsted. ‘in the middle, upon that, is peak of the Dāitī’. Bd 199.
kē-š vurravišn abar ēn ēk abēzag veh dēn ī mazdesnān. ‘one whose belief is on this one holy Good Religion of the Mazdayasna’. MX 35.10.
kē-š abar viš … ‘upon which a poisonous plant’. Y 9.11.

abē ‘without, un- , -less’ < *apa-i̯t. It is only used in composition. See “Word formation: prefixation”.

abē-bīm ‘fearless, secure’ from bīm.               
abēvināh bāš kū abēbīm bavē. HAM 72

abē-būd ‘deficiency, privatum esse’ from būd ‘what was; past’.                
  ērān hamē peymān stāyed, frāybūd abēbūd nikōhed. Dk iv, M 429

abēdād ‘unlawful, unjust’, subst. ‘injustice’ (Bactr. αβηλαδο).               
Srōš ī ahlavī vānīdār ī dēvān Āz ud Xēšm ud Hēz az tō dūr dārād ud kušād ī ō tō mā karānd abēdād. ŠnŠ 22.17

abē-uš ‘unconscious; dull; senseless’ from uš (Paz. aβə̄hōš).            
u-šān aviš ruzdist, ud abēyuš būd hend. TM 7981 I            
abēuš ud adān ud halaggōbišn. ŠGV 13.149

andar ‘in, within, between, among; in comparison with’, also adv. ‘inside’, prev. (OPers. antar, Av. aṇtarǝ),      
andar dēn soxan mad ēsted. ‘it is mentioned in the Daēnā (i.e., in the Avesta)’. F 2.1.
andar xvadāyīh ī Husrav ‘during the reign of Khusro’. VC 1.
āzādīh ī yazdān ud vehān andar harv gāh ud zamān guftan ud hangārdan sazāgvār. ‘it is befitting to speak and give thanks to the Yazata and the good, at every watch and time’. SS 1.
vād āb u ādur andar šahr tazānd. ‘wind, water and fire will run in the world’. TM 477.
xēm kē xrad andar nēst. ‘character in which there is not wisdom’. Dk vi, M 543.
u-š zahagān ud nibāg ī hend ōy šahr andar. ‘and his offsprings and the hostages are in the world’. TM 1001.

andar ō ‘within, in’,        
harv rōz sē bār andar ō mān ī ātašān šaved ud ātaš niyāyišn kuned! VAM 72
hunarāvandīh hān baved kē kušišn abāg druz ī mēnōg kuned, ēc druz andar ō tan nê hiled; V.10

niyandar ‘inside, within’ (opp. bēdandar):     
haft kišvar niyandar asmān ‘the seven regions are within the sky’. RP 46.9.

andarg ‘between, among; against’ <*antarkam:          
andarg suft ud var ‘between the shoulder and breast’. F 3.7.
andarg rāh ‘on the road’. Dk ix, M 818.

az ‘from, out of, than; among’ (OPers. hacā, Av. haca/ G hacā, Parth. až, Paz. ǝž),

cōn-um bannagān xired az tāyān. ‘as you buy me, as a slave, from thieves’. TM 95.

az … dā ‘from … till’ (az and dā both are prepositions):
az imrōz dā fradāg veh šāyed būdan. ‘it may be better from today till tomorrow’. DH.

az … rāy ‘because of’:
az abārōn-kunišnīh rāy mard xvāstag ī xvēš bē višōbed. ‘on account of unlawful action a man wastes his property away’. Dk vi, M 565.

az … rōn ‘from’:
ka az nēmrōz rōn hāmin andar āyed. ‘when summer enters from the southern direction’. Bd 195.

az … ōrōn ‘hither from, since’:
ud nūn zan-ē pēdāg az xvarāsān ōrōn āyed ‘and now a woman appears hither from the east’. KSM 35.

az … ō … rōn ‘from … towards’:
az Arman ō Ērānšahr rōn ‘from Armenia towards Ērānšhar’. N P 19.

az … tar ō ‘from … over to’:
az kust ī Hindūgān tar ō Varkaš zreh ‘from the region of the Indians over to the Vourukaṣa sea’. DA 89 (44).

az … hamis/ hāmis ‘together with, besides’:
X šahrestān az parvār hāmis ‘the town X together with its suburbs’. ŠKZ
Ardašēr … xvad az asvārān ud stōrān hamis ō gursagīh ud tišnagīh mad. ‘Ardašēr … himself besides his horsemen and horses came to hunger and thirst’. KAP 6.3.

aziš ‘from’:
Ohrmazd ī xvadāy gōbed kū-š mā soxan aziš pursed. ‘Ahura Mazdā, the lord, says that: Do not ask from him any question!’. MX 2.150-51.
vas ud frahīd bannag ī ašmāh kē-m dēv ud druxš aziš ba burd. ‘many and numerous are your subjects of whom I have got the Daēva and the Druj out’. TM 3.

az … bē ‘from (off), out of’:
az cašm bē ‘from off the eyes’ (cašmanat̰ haca)233.Vd 3.14.

azabar ‘above, upon’, also adv. < *hacā uparāt:
abarmenīdār mard kē xvēštan azabar pāyag ī xvēš mened ud dāred. ‘a haughty man who thinks and holds himself as above his own status’. HOD 22.

azēr ‘below, under’, also adv. < *hacā adarāt:
azēr zamīg ‘under the earth’ (cf. Av. aδairi.zǝma)’. MX 62.15.
azēr pāy ‘under the foot’. F 3.7.

bē/ ba adv., conj., verbal particle, prep.:

bē yazd ēc āfrīdār nēst. ‘there is no creator whatever except god’. ŠGV 15.22.
az ōy bē avarǝθrabā̊ ‘out of him A.’ Dk vii, M 653.
az Ohrmazd bannagīh bē ‘instead of the service of Ahura Mazdā’. DD 38.19.
cahārum gām bē ō hān ī asarrōšnīh ī hamāgxvāhrīh abar rased. ‘the fourth step he reaches up to the endless light which is with all happiness’. MX 2.146.

bē az ‘without; apart from, not only from’:
ud nē-z eškōhān ī ba az dānišn ī yazdān ‘nor the poor without the knowledge of the Yazata’. TM 174 II.

bē-z … bē-z ‘whether … or, either … or’
bē-z kē murd dā nūn, bē-z kē mīrend az nūn frāz. VZ 30.39

dā ‘until, till, to the extent that, so long as’ < *i̯atā (Parth. yaδ, Paz. aṇdā, Pers. تا ),

dā ō ‘till, up to, for (of time)’:
cahār hend <kē> dā ō gāh rasend guftan nē abāyed: xvarišn dā gugāred, ud zan dā zāyed, ud nēv mard dā az kārezār abāz āyed, ud bar ī zamīg dā ō hambār kuned ‘there are four [things] of which, until they arrive at their term, one should not pronounce [an opinion]: food until it is digested; a (pregnant) woman until she delivers (a child) ; a brave man until he returns from the battle-field ; and the produce of the soil until it is garnered’. HOD 28.
dā zamīg ī Hrōm dā ō drayābār ō Selm dād. ‘he gave to Sairima the land of Rome (Byzantium) up to the seashore’. J 4.

ēr ‘down, under’, also adv. < *adari (Av. aδairi prep., Parth. aδar):
dast ēr kaš ‘(with) the hands under (his) armpits’. HKR 1.

had (together) with’ (Av. haδa/ G hadā adv., Bactr. αλο, Paz. hit̰):
madan ī had-tuvānīg Kersāsp ‘the coming of the powerful Kǝrǝsāspa’. Dk ix, M 818.

hambedīz/ hampedīz ‘corresponding to’ (cf. Av. paitica, Parth. padīž):
hambadīz asmānān abar tār zamīg nirāmišn cahār. ‘corresponding to the [four] heavens, there are four layers on the dark earth’. TM 98 I.

hamis/ hāmis ‘together’, adv. ‘in all’ < *hamiça- < *hammisra- (Parth. hamīr):
u-mān hamis višōbāgān mā hangār. ‘and do not reckon us together with the disturbers’. TM 28 II.
gētīg hamis tanēgirdīg ī Ahrmen; hamis tenēgirdīg, dahišn ī Ahrmen ‘this world in all is the corporeal body of Aŋra Mainyu; and the corporeal being in all is a production of Aŋra Mainyu’. ŠGV 16.8-9.

nazd ‘near’, also adv. ‘about’ < *nazda- (Khot. naysda-)
do gayag nazd gōš ēstād <hend> ‘two robbers stood near him (lit. near his ears)’. TM 2 I.

nazd ō ‘close to, near, about to’:
nazd ō hazārag sar ‘near the end of the millennium’. Bd 219.

ō ‘to, at, unto, toward’ (OPers. abiy, Av. aiβi, avi): ō-m, ō-t, aviš, ō-mān, ō-tān, avišān :
cōn-um sōgand xvard ped dēbišn: nē-m šavēnd ō visān ‘as I sware in my wrath: They will not enter into my [place of] rest’. Ps 95.11.

ō … rōn ‘in the direction of, towards’:
u-m ē-z ō yazdān rōn peyvahīd. ‘and this too I made request unto the Yazata’ KNR m 50
ō-m-it rōn ahrāft cašm kē mānišn ped asmān, cōn cašm ī bannagān ō xvadāy rōn, ud cōn cašm ī kenīsag ō bānūg rōn. ‘unto you lift I up my eyes, you whose dwelling is in heaven, as the eyes of servants unto the master, and as the eyes of a maiden unto the mistress’. Ps 122.1-2.

aviš ‘to’:
tū hē xvadāy ud šahriyār farrox dayāg ī vispān kirbagīhān ō frazendān kē-t aviš payōsend. ‘you are the fortunate lord and king, the giver of all goodness to the children who long for you’. TM 36.
vardā-m aviš ‘turn toward me’. Ps 118.132.

ped ‘in, at, on, through’ < *pati (OPers. pati, Av. paiti, Parth. pad, Bal. pa):
dēn ī ahēnagān ped yak šahr ud yak ezvān būd. ‘the religions of the ancients were [each] in one country and in one language’. TM 5794 I.
ped avēšān xvadāyān ‘under these kings’. J 15.

ped … rāy ‘for the sake of, on account of’ (Pers. ):
Zardušt cōn ped šudan ī ō jašnzār rāy ped raftan ēstād. ‘when Zaraθuštra, for the sake of going off to the festival place, started to walk’. VZ 20.2.

pediš ‘to; thereof’:
šāyendag ka-š ašāyendag pediš abarvēz, dānāg ka-š dušāgāh pediš abar-framādār, veh ka-š vad pediš pādixšāy ‘a deserving man, when an undeserving man prevails over him; an enlightened man, when an unenlightened man instructs him; a good man, when an evil man has authority over him’. AV 162.

When ped is attached to personal pronouns: pe-m, pe-t, pediš, pe-mān, pe-tān, pedišān.

pedisāy/ pedisā° ‘on account of, in accordance with’ < *pati-sai̯- (Paz. padasāe):
u-š dād dām pedisāy xvēš kām ‘and he created creatures in accordance with his will’. ŠGV 8.54.
pedisā-m brādarīn u-m dōstān, gōbān: tō rāy drūd! ‘for the sake of my brothers and friends, I will say, peace be to you’. Ps 121.8

rāy ‘for, on account of; on behalf of; instead of’ < *rādi (OPers. rādiy ‘on account of’, avahya-rādiy ‘on account of that, therefore’, Parth. rāδ):
man guft: az dūr gyāg āmad hem dēn rāy. ‘I said: I have come from a far place for the sake of the religion’. TM 2 I.
ba ōhāy ēn bišehkīh rāy ud ēn darmān burdan rāy abāyišn hed. ‘but yea, you are needed for this (human) medicine and for this healing’, TM 3.
ud vahmān ī ham vahmān rāy ‘and on behalf of so-and-so son of the same so-and-so’, PK 11.
ud meh ud keh ud meyānag rāy gōbend vazurgīh ī naxvistēn ud vazurgīh ī <didīgar ud vazurgīh ī> sidīgar. ‘they say first magnitude, second magnitude, third magnitude, instead of large, small and medium’. Bd 27.

tar ‘through, beyond, via’ (Av. tarō/ G tarə̄ , OPers. tarah):
tar hān vidarg ī asmān ī pediš andar dvārist abāz ō tam ud tār dvāred. ‘(Aŋra Mainyu) will run back to the gloom and darkness (= hell) across the passage of the sky through which he had rushed in’. Bd 227
ka tar gāv ē-tāg ārzōg-ē frāz nē šaved. ‘when one’s wish does not go beyond a head of (large) cattle’. Dk vi, M 510.

tar ō ‘over (to)’:
draxt-ē rust est tar ō šahr asurīg ‘A tree has grown over in the land of Assur (or, Assyria)’. DA 1.

tarasc (written twlstꞋ) ‘throughout, across’:
aorāca parāca tarasca: ōrōn ud parrōn ud tarasc ‘towards and away and across’. F 3.1.

ō tarasc ‘to’:
sē hem kē-t ō mān tarasc mad hem Vahman ud Ašavahišt ud Ātaš-iz. ‘here are the three of us, Vohu Manah, Aša Vahišta, and Ātarš, who have come to your home’. Dk vii, M 641.

vasnād ‘for, because of, on account of’ from * vasn < * u̯asnā blended with the postposition * rādi (OPers. vašnā , Sogd.-Armen. vasn , Parth. vasnāδ, Per. واسه )

Preposition:
ēd draxsāh vasnāδ gyānān ‘endure here for the sake of (breath) souls’. TM 42 Parth.

Postposition: